00:02                           Thank you Dr. Greenberg. Waiting a moment for the slides to show. Here we are awesome.

00:10                           So again like yesterday I’m excited to be here to tell you about some very new information we really haven’t had the chance to share yet. And quite honestly we’re still processing some of the results what you’ll hear about today are preliminary findings so I want you to know that as we jump in. So I thought the Dunning-Kruger effect would be a good way to set the stage for the foundation for our study. I don’t know if any of you have heard of this before. Dunning and Kruger refers to two social psychologists at Cornell who talked about a story from 1995. Mr. McArthur Wheeler was caught after robbing two banks and easily identifiable because he didn’t wear a mask or any type of disguise. Instead he covered his face with lemon juice and he thought this would make it invisible to the surveillance cameras.

01:07                           What’s wrong. He later explained that lemon juice was a critical ingredient in invisible ink. So that was his thought. So at its core this effects effect illustrates how and we don’t appreciate a full picture or if there is ignorance we can get into trouble. So the unknown unknowns so in rare diseases dogma predominates and can be perpetuated over time. We’ve talked about this this weekend this idea whatever you get by year 1 of recovery is what you’re going to have or based on this MRI. Your child will never walk again.

01:45                           Or some other global statement. Transverse myelitis as a spinal cord disease.

01:53                           So how do we defend against this. Well we work as a team and we’ve emphasized that a lot throughout. We bring together experts who can supply their lens to the problem and to the question and help us really research these conditions and answer important questions. I think very importantly and this is what has happened for me over the last eight years is we allow our patients and our data to teach us. So we have to remain humble as we do this. I mentioned this research journey yesterday and I’m going to take you through in a little bit more detail about how we got where we are today using brain imaging to study TM. So we opened our clinic many years ago. I was interested in looking at from a research perspective these outcomes associated with MS and ADEM these conditions you could readily see on an MRI scan here as depicted on the right.

02:51                           So my thinking was we would use transverse myelitis that group as a control to study MS with a very simple straightforward hypothesis right that patients with MS experience more cognitive problems as well as school problems due to the chronic nature of the condition working on the brain. So we administered a screening battery that was designed to measure all of these domains. This is standardized testing like Dr. Wang just talked about. And we had everybody complete the same brief battery of tests. This served as a screener to look for and look at areas that we thought were vulnerable in demyelinating conditions and we were right in some ways. And as we talked about yesterday we saw that our patients with them as were in fact experiencing greater cognitive impairment in some areas.

03:46                           This was happening at a statistically significant level. But we saw the same rate of school problems in each of these patient cohorts and as a pediatric neuro psychologist that’s a big flag for me. If there are school issues that tells me something is going on and to see equal rates of that in these conditions really had me take a step back along with the rest of my team. So we wanted to think about what was known about cognition and transverse myelitis. We found two very excellent papers that really talked about clinical characteristics functional outcomes associated with transverse myelitis but the first one by Pidcock and colleagues. There was no mention of cognition or psychological problems or any kind of outcome along those lines. There was another study by Trecker and colleagues that surveyed patients and parents who were attending a camp for individuals with TM.

04:49                           What caught my attention was 90 percent of those surveyed said they would have liked to have had consultation with psychiatry as part of their care. And that stands out to me as signifying that there must have been some underlying emotional difficulty which which makes sense especially with all that we know today. There were qualitative reports they give a nice discussion about cognitive and psychosocial problems or psychological problems. But there was no data in the scope of that study wasn’t meant to document. You know these functions through standardized testing. When we looked at our own clinic data we saw that almost 42 percent had been referred for therapy for some sort of mental health service. Close to 30 percent had been referred for a full neuro psychological evaluation meaning that they quote unquote failed that screener.

05:43                           The battery I showed you earlier. So those are significant numbers there that tell us there’s more going on. Right. So we were able to publish this work several years ago. And what I want to highlight for you here. I’ve listed percentages of impairment found in the group that we looked at all patients with pediatric TM attention problems really stood out to me both in terms of performance based testing 41 percent showing deficits in that area as well as parent report of their child’s attention problems and close to a third. There were also some problems noted in memory. These were not things I expected to see in a condition that was restricted to the spinal cord. So we were left with more questions. And right now we are still continuing to explore these potential explanations of cognitive dysfunction in the context of pediatric TM.

06:43                           So we wondered Could this be medication side effects could this be mood related symptoms that are associated with cognitive problems or maybe it’s fatigue. We have a very astute audience here who already asked some of these questions yesterday and so I had the chance to address this in part when I looked at that cohort and I also looked at their medication use the folks who are having cognitive issues were not the same individuals that were on medications and they the ones with cognitive issues were also not the ones that were experiencing mood problems. We still have a question on the table about the role of fatigue and I spoke about that yesterday. So we still are looking into how fatigue is undermining the cognitive functions of our individuals with TM. That the other big question could there be brain based pathology and transverse myelitis.

07:38                           So the theories that would be behind this idea relate to the inflammation associated with TM that is in the central nervous system. So this is not readily apparent on MRI with our traditional techniques. We wonder if the inflammation that is in the spinal cord could lead to changes more distally up into the brain. And similarly could it affect the tracks that go between the spinal cord and the brain can neuro psychological evaluation show problems that cannot be seen on imaging. I think so. And so it’s through the testing that we did that we were able to illuminate this problem. There are probably many more things we don’t know that we hope to discover as this story unfolds. But if we do identify brain based pathology. In the context of transverse myelitis this could really dramatically change things in terms of our conceptualization of TM but also in terms of the treatments.

08:41                           So this is where SRNA comes in. Who gave us the opportunity and they partnered with Consano to you. Some of you may have seen this. This is a crowdfunding organization who helped us raise raise funds to conduct a pilot study using brain imaging. And this side serves as an acknowledgement side to both SRNA and Consano for making this work possible. So I want to tell you about our pilot study design. I’ll give you a little bit on preliminary results so we’ve mentioned that the scans that we’re doing clinically are not readily catching anything obvious as far as what might be happening in the brain. So we’ve worked very closely with our colleagues in radiology to come up with a sequence where we’re able to look at the brain in some different ways than we would do in the clinical realm.

09:34                           And it helps us understand and visualize possible damage associated with inflammation. And to look at how the brain is networked and I wanna say I am not an expert in imaging or radiology so I rely heavily on my colleagues with that expertise. So our protocol lasts about four hours or so they come in for. A cognitive test battery with with me that’s about we’re with someone from a team that is about two hours long. We’re also looking at the eyes and the optic nerves using optical coherence tomography. And then we’re doing the MRI of the brain our patients our participants are not sedated when they go through this we need them to be able to lie still for for the imaging they are allowed to watch a movie or listen to Pandora.

10:30                           So that really helps a lot because our sequences last about 45 minutes to an hour. So we are recruiting through an IRB be approved study and just so you get a sense of the participants. They have to have a diagnosis of TM. We’re also recruiting siblings which I think has ended up being kind of fun and enlightening for the siblings who haven’t been through similar medical procedures like an MRI or testing the age ranges eight to 18. They need to have IQ at 78 or above to make sure that they are generally globally cognitively intact when it comes to intelligence and English must be their primary language and the reason for that is because our measures are normed on individuals for whom English is their primary or first language. So we are not enrolling anybody that needs sedation for the MRI. As I mentioned a while ago also we are not taking anyone with other neurological problems like traumatic brain injury epilepsy or stroke because we wouldn’t be able to be sure we weren’t picking up on abnormalities associated with those conditions.

11:46                           We’re also making sure that for anyone we enroll at the time of the scan and the testing they haven’t had any acute symptoms or steroids in the last 30 days or so. So we are planning to enroll 20 participants total 10 with a diagnosis of TM and 10 sibling controls. So we’re at 13 so we’re well on our way. The age range for each group is quite similar 10 to 18 and 10 to 17 most are female. And in case you’re straining and trying to figure out what this movie is. Any guesses.

12:23                           Says Harry Potter. So this was the movie choice of one of our participants who got to watch while being scanned.

12:32                           So in terms of preliminary findings you see the caution symbol here. We always want to use caution when we’re talking about very small numbers. We have not been using a lot of statistical techniques at this stage even with our target numbers are quite small. So we just want to use a lot of caution as we talk about the next preliminary findings. So we have done some interim analysis as I mentioned that we’ve just received very recently and our data is already showing potential regions of interest that differ between patients and controls. Here’s an image here highlighting the thalamus and this is a structure. Functionally that’s important as a sensory relay station give you an example auditory information passes through this this area. And I’m going to tell you why that’s important in a second. Over time we have recognized that the role of the thalamus and cognition turns out to be quite important.

13:34                           So other results are suggesting a possible correlation between cognitive testing and in an area that has previously been found to be problematic for individuals with TM and this relates to auditory attention and memory. So when we think about the thalamus as a sensory relay station regarding this auditory information this might make sense. And as I said at the very beginning we’re still digesting this still processing this. And these are not by any means final findings are conclusive statements that we’re making here. So with that I say stay tuned. We will have more to come on this. I want to acknowledge the folks back in Dallas who have contributed to this work including our team from radiology Dr. Greenberg and then folks from neuro psychology Cole out of that group is the only one here today.

14:33                           And then study personnel. Patricia Plumb is around here somewhere so we couldn’t do it without the team. And I think also having a team helps us challenge each other and each of the things that we contribute really allow us to highlight different aspects of how a condition made manifest. So we’re very excited and grateful to have the opportunity to be able to continue this work.

14:57                           Thank you.