MOGAD
Epidemiology
Among those with AQP-4 seronegative NMOSD, up to 50% have a positive MOG antibody test.6 Studies have indicated that about 50% of children diagnosed with ADEM are positive for the MOG antibody.4 Also, ~2-20% of MOG patients may have brain involvement, including encephalitis.7 While there is significant clinical overlap between MOGAD, NMOSD, and ADEM, it appears that MOGAD is a unique immunological condition.
Females and males are more likely to be equally affected by MOG antibody disease compared to AQP-4 positive NMOSD, where females are more likely to be affected.8-10 The average age of onset of MOG antibody disease is 20-30 years according to some studies.11-13 While MOG antibody disease can happen at any age, children account for up to 50% of cases.12,13 Ethnicity or race does not seem to be associated with the development of MOGAD.
(4) Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Mar;22(3):268-282. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00431-8. Epub 2023 Jan 24.
(6) Reindl M, Waters P. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019 Feb;15(2):89-102. doi: 10.1038/s41582-018-0112-x.
(7) Salama S, Khan M, Pardo S, Izbudak I, Levy M. MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis/encephalitis. Mult Scler. 2019 Oct;25(11):1427-1433. doi: 10.1177/1352458519837705. Epub 2019 Mar 25.
(8) O’Connell K, Hamilton-Shield A, Woodhall M, et al. Prevalence and incidence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD and MOG antibody-positive disease in Oxfordshire, UK. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;91(10):1126-1128. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323158. Epub 2020 Jun 23.
(9) de Mol CL, Wong Y, van Pelt ED, et al. The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults. Mult Scler. 2020 Jun;26(7):806-814. doi: 10.1177/1352458519845112. Epub 2019 May 16.
(10) Hyun JW, Lee HL, Jeong WK, et al. Comparison of MOG and AQP4 antibody seroprevalence in Korean adults with inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases. Mult Scler. 2021 May;27(6):964-967. doi: 10.1177/1352458520948213. Epub 2020 Aug 11.
(11) Jurynczyk M, Messina S, Woodhall MR, et al. Clinical presentation and prognosis in MOG-antibody disease: a UK study. Brain. 2017 Dec 1;140(12):3128-3138. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx276. Erratum in: Brain. 2018 Apr 1;141(4):e31.
(12) Ramanathan S, Mohammad S, Tantsis E, et al. Clinical course, therapeutic responses and outcomes in relapsing MOG antibody-associated demyelination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;89(2):127-137. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316880. Epub 2017 Nov 15.
(13) Cobo-Calvo A, Ruiz A, Rollot F, et al. Clinical features and risk of relapse in children and adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Ann Neurol. 2021 Jan;89(1):30-41. doi: 10.1002/ana.25909. Epub 2020 Oct 15.
